5/6/2023 0 Comments Uses of iodine as elementThis compound forms particles with a nanometric dimension that induces condensed nuclei for cloud formation ( Saunders and Plane, 2005). This atmospheric iodine, in the form of I 2 and organoiodine compounds (CH 3I and iodinated humic acids), reacts photochemically with O 3 and forms radicals (I 2O 2, I 2O 3, and I 2O 4) that become transformed into I 2O 5. In the atmosphere, iodine reaches concentrations of 5–20 ng m −3 in gaseous forms and 1–5 ng m −3 as particulate iodine ( Moyers and Duce, 1972). Approximately 4 × 10 11 g year −1 of iodine volatilize from the ocean into the atmosphere ( Miyake and Tsunogai, 1963 Amachi, 2008), with an estimated of 1.14–3.17 × 10 11 g year −1 that volatilizes as CH 3I ( Moore and Groszko, 1999). The second most important reservoir of iodine is the soil, which has a higher content than does its parent material as a result of the activity of the living organisms ( Muramatsu and Yoshida, 1999). The oceans are the largest reservoirs of bioavailable iodine on the planet from there, the element is distributed into the atmosphere and land areas ( Fuge, 1996 Venturi, 2011). This review complements the information presented by other authors ( Whitehead, 1984 Fuge and Johnson, 1986, 2015 Johnson, 2003 Fuge, 2005, 2013 Steinnes, 2009 Charlton and Skeaff, 2011 Küpper et al., 2011 Moreda-Piñeiro et al., 2011 Pearce et al., 2013) focusing on agronomic efforts and on the comparison of different methods of biofortification applied. In the literature, a series of reviews focused on human deficiency of iodine resulting from the irregular distribution of the element and its complex and still not well-understood dynamics is available. Information is included about the possible alternative use of iodine as an inductor of abiotic and biotic tolerance. This review aims to provide an overview of the biofortification of iodine, presenting the progress in this important area of agricultural research. We suggested different assumptions that attempt to explain these conflicting results, considering the possible interaction of iodine with other trace elements, as well as the different physicochemical and biogeochemical conditions that give rise to the distinct availability and the volatilization of the element. Some studies report beneficial effects of iodine, including better growth, and changes in the tolerance to stress and antioxidant capacity, while other studies report that the applications of iodine cause no response or even have adverse effects. This review systematically presents the results published on the application of iodine in agriculture, considering different environmental conditions and farming systems in various species and varying concentrations of the element, its chemical forms, and its application method. ![]() The agricultural application of iodine to enhance growth, environmental adaptation, and stress tolerance in plants has not been well explored, although it may lead to the increased use of this element in agricultural practice and thus contribute to the biofortification of crops. Hence, biofortification with iodine is an active area of research, with highly relevant results. In the same way, as an alternative, the use of different iodine fertilization techniques to biofortify crops is considered an adequate iodine supply method. Therefore, great efforts are made to ensure the proper intake of iodine to the population, for example, the iodization of table salt. ![]() In humans, iodine is essential for the metabolism of the thyroid and for the development of cognitive abilities, and it is associated with lower risks of developing certain types of cancer. Iodine is not considered essential for land plants however, in some aquatic plants, iodine plays a critical role in antioxidant metabolism. ![]() 4Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico. ![]()
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